Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches - 2309 Words

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES TO SOCIAL RESEARCH Christina Hughes C.L.Hughes@warwick.ac.uk There has been widespread debate in recent years within many of the social sciences regarding the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative strategies for research. The positions taken by individual researchers vary considerably, from those who see the two strategies as entirely separate and based on alternative views of the world, to those who are happy to mix these strategies within their research projects. For example, Bryman (1988) argued for a `best of both worlds approach and suggested that qualitative and quantitative approaches should be combined. Hughes (1997), nevertheless, warns that such technicist solutions†¦show more content†¦One might ask, `What is meant by anxiety? Stating that anxiety refers to being tense or some other such term only adds to the confusion. However, stating that anxiety refers to a score over a criterion level on an anxiety scale enables others to realise what you mean by anxiety. Stating an operational definition forces one to identi fy the empirical referents, or terms. In this manner, ambiguity is minimised. REPLICATION: To be replicable, the data obtained in an experiment must be reliable; that is, the same result must be found if the study is repeated. If observations are not repeatable, our descriptions and explanations are thought to be unreliable.  · HYPOTHESIS TESTING: The systematic creation of a hypothesis and subjecting it to an empirical test. (Adapted from Burns, 2000: 6-7) QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS STRENGTHS  · Precision - through quantitative and reliable measurement  · Control - through sampling and design  · Ability to produce causality statements, through the use of controlled experiments  · Statistical techniques allow for sophisticated analyses  · Replicable LIMITATIONS  · Because of the complexity of human experience it is difficult to rule out or control all the variables;  · Because of human agency people do not all respond in the same ways as inert matter in the physical sciences;  · Its mechanistic ethos tends to exclude notions of freedom,Show MoreRelatedQualitative and Quantitative Approaches1126 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches RES/351 June 17, 2014 University of Phoenix Professor Pamela Campbell Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Business researchers utilize various forms of approaches to analyze and obtain information and data, and two of the most popular approaches used are the qualitative research approach and quantitative research approach. Each approach can be beneficial or in some cases may cause inconclusiveRead MoreQualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches2955 Words   |  12 Pages-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract Sports fandom consists of cognitive and affective, as well as behavioural components. Existing sports fan research utilises either strong qualitative, or more often, strong quantitative methodologies. The strengths and weaknesses of each approach are outlined, developing the argument that the use of a single methodology often fails to explore all of these components. The use of a mixed methods approach is suggestedRead MoreQuantitative vs Qualitative Research on which is Better1830 Words   |  7 PagesThere has always been a discussion as to which method of study was better: quantitative, or qualitative. The quantitative approach focuses more on quantifying data and generalizing results from a sample to a population of interest. The use of quantitative methods is used for general features of a population and to measure the incidence of various views and opinions in a chosen sample. Qualitative methods are used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons and motivations. This typ e of methodRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Experience1437 Words   |  6 PagesIn particular, qualitative researchers tend to focus more on the social-constructed reality and the contextual influence, interaction and constraints between the researcher(s) and the participants. They are interested in finding answers to questions that focus on the â€Å"social construction of experience and how meaning is created† (Cooper White, 2012, p. 15). However, quantitative researchers â€Å"emphasize measurement and analysis, and focus on product rather than process† (Cooper White, 2012, p.Read MoreThe Theoretical Methods Of Quantitative And Qualitative Methods Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent styles and approaches, being constantly updated with new ideas and concepts, this essay will argue that in order to best reflect upon and develop an understanding of today’s world, the researcher needs to use and apply both qualitative and quantitative methods. To make this argument clear, this essay will first go into the understanding of sociological methods through epistemological and ontological views. Then this essay will explore the debate of quantitative or qualitative methods, and thenRead MoreSummary Of A Framework For Design By Creswell1536 Words   |  7 PagesFramework for Design’ by Creswell We now have many choices for research approaches. Author recommends that a general framework be adopted to provide guidance for all stages of research. Using still existing framework also allows researchers formulate ideas recognized by audiences who support proposals for research. This chapter introduces the reader to the three approaches to research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. To understand them Creswell considers three framework elements:Read MoreHow Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) React to Music1744 Words   |  7 PagesQualitative and quantitative methods allow researchers to investigate, explore and inquire the nature of the phenomenon being studied. It is important that the researcher develops a clear understanding of the problem and design a plan to investigate it (Cresswell, 1998, para. 1). There are a variety of research methods; nevertheless, it is important to consider which research method is appropriate for the study. Qua litative research focuses on human experiences while quantitative research reliesRead MoreComparing and Contrasting NCUs Concept Paper Requirements for Qualitative and or Quantitative Papers1409 Words   |  6 Pagesrequirements for qualitative and or quantitative papers. Northcentral Expectation Both qualitative and quantitative concept designs share design elements. Sampson (2012) states that a good or enriched qualitative and or quantitative concept paper is a product of forethought. Northcentral University (NCU) provides its Doctoral students with writing resources that are not limited to the concept template to enhance their knowledge about the development of their dissertations. Primarily, qualitative and quantitativeRead MoreFactors That Impacted Effective Diabetes Management Within The Native American Population985 Words   |  4 PagesType Two Diabetes Both quantitative and qualitative research studies provide healthcare professionals with valuable information, albeit from different perspectives. While quantitative studies emphasize numerical and statistical measurements, qualitative studies focus on themes and concepts related to a phenomenon. The following discussion contrasts these two types of research approaches as they relate to the topic of type 2 diabetes mellitus and considers the value of qualitative research within theRead MoreResearch Methodology For Academic Journal Articles1268 Words   |  6 Pagessignificant in determining the research methodology. Abstract The primary goal of this study is to systematize the knowledge in the area of different research methodological approaches applied in academic journal articles, assess their usefulness and present the results of the analysis. Key words: qualitative research, quantitative research, mixed method research Introduction Defining a case study method indicates the problem and entails choosing/finding a solution to solve it. However, to answer research

Ethical Issues in Psychology - 788 Words

Ethics Ethics are the moral codes laid down by professionals to ensure that their members or representatives adhere to certain standards of behaviour. All scientific bodies have such codes but those in psychology are particularly important because of the subject matter of the topic. The three main ethical issues in psychology using human participants are: Privacy, physical and psychological harm and deception. Deception involves either concealing the real intention of a study from participants or taking steps to mislead them at the start. Milgram used the second ploy, deliberately lying to participants about the genuine reason for a study. He also used stooges and the use of stooges always means deception has been used. However, is†¦show more content†¦Zimbardo and Milgram procedures would all have involved loss of self-esteem, embarrassment, some stress and extreme anxiety. Confidentiality is one way of protecting participants from psychological harm. If you do something that you are ashamed of in the name of research but nobody gets to know its you its not going to be so embarrassing. When dealing with privacy, the data protection act requires that the identity of all participants remains confidential. As well as safeguarding privacy there is an obvious practical benefit from this approach. Participants are unlikely to volunteer for procedures if they believe that their identity and behaviour will be divulged. There were clear breaches of confidentiality in the Milgram and Zimbardo studies as in both cases participants were secretly filmed. Guidelines require that participants are not identified unless they give their permission and various methods may be used to disguise their identity. For example in case studies patients may be identified only by their initials such as KF or HM. An example of Ethics breached is: Schachter (1959) Female psychology students who had volunteered for an experiment were led to believe they were going to receive electric shocks. One group told it would be painful the other told it would not. There was going to be a delay before the shock, and participants had the choice ofShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues in Psychology Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesWe are going to explore the world of ethical issues in psychology. As in any medical or mental health fields there are rules we all must follow as professionals. In this essay today we will be exploring a case study where we have a young lady who has been stricken by a mental disability. We will be looking at the facts in which her disability was handled by a professional in the field of psychology. We also will be discussing the rights and wrongs that are presented in her case study. We will alsoRead MoreProfessional And Ethical Issues Of Forensic Psychology778 Words   |  4 PagesCa se Analysis Professional and Ethical Issues in Forensic Psychology Samuelu Vaina Argosy University Dr. Arena  Most common ethical problems arise in the profession of therapists and psychologists usually occur from the relationships they share with a client. The relationship shared between a practitioner and a client can be very cloudy and blurry in its nature. An example of a conflict that usually occurs in the relationship would be that of having two roles or responsibilities to a client orRead MoreSocial Psychology And Multiculturalism1644 Words   |  7 Pages Psychology has become an integrated part of our real life. Psychology affects life under different theories and identifications. For example, social psychology and multiculturalism work together to create the social change people aspire to. However, social psychology, according to Jahoda (2016), cannot explain the link between the social behavior and the social norms of the society and culture. Hence, social psychology could be a challenge when a person tries other cultures. Furthermore, there areRead MoreSocial Psychology And Mult iculturalism1714 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Psychology has become an integrated part of our real life. Psychology affects life under different theories and identifications. For example, social psychology and multiculturalism work together to create the social change people aspire to. However, social psychology, according to Jahoda (2016), cannot explain the link between the social behavior and the social norms of the society and culture. Hence, social psychology could be a challenge when a person tries other cultures. FurthermoreRead MoreForensic Psychology And The Human Mind And Its Functions1627 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology and law at first glance are not two terms that seem to correspond with each other. One might even question why they would be mentioned in the same context. Crime has become a major issue within today’s society. It seems as though the only way to prevent most of them is to enforce the repercussions of the act and punish those that partake in it. Criminals often have motives or attributes that l ead them into a life of crime. Forensic psychology is the cynosure that brings the associationRead MoreEthical Issues in Education Essay example1736 Words   |  7 PagesCode of ethics act as a promise to protect and support the safety of individuals in society, supports as a leading light it help the supporters of an occupation, resolve ethical problems and act as a protector the community. A code of ethics discloses and conserves the current viewpoint professionals on in what way to make ethical decisions. It stresses importance on obligation to moral values and vital beliefs. Application of a code of ethics helps us to guarantee that members of the professionRead MoreThe Practice of Clinical Psychology Workshee965 Words   |  4 Pagesif you use it. Thank you. The Practice of Clinical Psychology Worksheet Answer the following questions. Your response to each question must be at least 150 words in length. 1. What are at least two legal issues associated with clinical psychology? Provide an example of a situation that could be legal but unethical. Explain your response. There are many legal issues that exist in clinical psychology. Two of these legal issues are maintaining confidentiality and getting written consentRead MoreEthics Case Study: Clinical Psychologist Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesAs the result of a colleague’s sudden serious illness, a clinical psychologist is asked to teach a physiological psychology course, which is definitely outside his area of expertise. The course begins in one week. The department chair recognizes that the psychologist is not competent is this area, but he is as qualified as anyone else in the department and is the only person whose schedule can accommodate the course. The course is required for graduation, and several seniors will not graduateRead MoreShort Ethics Reference Guide For Life Coaching906 Words   |  4 Pagesconnections or one-on-one sessions in an office. The safety considerations would be has to be diligently placed in the policies of the life coach to abide by and possibly initial ing the references of the policies in the informed consent. The American Psychology Association advises on some aspects of what could happen in a life coaching services for psychologists. The International Coach Federation (ICF) is another avenue of referencing. ICF does not cater to the psychologists, although they have peopleRead MoreLegal Issues Associated By Clinical Psychology Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Legal issues associated in clinical psychology In clinical psychology, several legal issues do exist, and clinical psychologists must adhere to such legal standards. Two common legal issues are maintaining confidentiality and obtaining written informed consent. In regard to the maintenance of confidentiality, the clinical psychologists must never disclose the records of any patient or client unless required by law. This is a significant concern in clinical psychology, which the psychologist

Growth Through Going Global Free Essays

Growth Through Going Global The traditional theory of the firm is based on the short-run profit maximization. Many actions of firms may be seen to conflict with this aim and yet could be consistent with the aim of long-run profit maximization. For example, policies to increase the size of the firm or the firm’s share of the market may involve heavy advertising or low prices to the detriment of short-run profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Growth Through Going Global or any similar topic only for you Order Now But if this results in the firm becoming larger, with a bigger share of the market, the resulting economic power may enable the firm to make larger profits in the long run. In many respects, a firm’s global strategy is simply an extension of its strategy within its own domestic market. However, opening up to global markets can provide an obvious means for a business to expand its markets and spread its risks. It is also a means of reducing costs, whether through economies of scale or from accessing cheap sources of supply or low-wage production facilities. A firm’s global growth strategy may involve simply exporting or opening up factories abroad, or it may involve merging with businesses abroad or forming strategic alliances. The result is that the global business environment has tended to become more and more ompetitive. What will a growth-maximizing firm’s price and output be? Unfortunately there is no simple formula for predicting this. In the short run, the firm may choose the profit maximizing price and output – so as to provide the greatest funds for investment. On the other hand, it may be prepared to sacrifice some short-term profits in order to mount an advertising campaign. It all depends on the strategy it considers most suitable to achieve growth. In the long run, prediction is more difficult still. The policies that a firm adopts will depend crucially on the assessments of market opportunities made by managers. But this involves Judgment, not fine calculation. Different managers will Judge a situation differently. One prediction can be made. Growth-maximizing firms are likely to diversify into different products, especially as they approach the limits to expansion in existing markets. It is difficult to draw firm conclusions about the public interest. In the case of sales revenue maximization, a higher output will be produced than under profit maximization, but the consumers will not necessarily benefit from lower prices, since more will be spent on advertising – costs that will be passed on to the consumer. In the case of growth and long-run profit maximization, there are many possible policies that a firm could pursue. To the extent that a concern for the long run encourages firms to look to improved products, new products and new techniques, the consumer may benefit from such a concern. To the extent, however, that growth encourages a greater level of industrial concentration through merger; the consumer theory of the firm, the degree of competition a firm faces is a crucial factor in determining Just how responsive it will be to the wishes of the consumer. References: http://classofl . com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/ How to cite Growth Through Going Global, Papers

Economic Efficiency Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economic Efficiency. Answer: Imperfect Competition and Oligopoly Efficiency. Primarily, oligopoly is associated with dynamic efficiency due to the inherent entry barriers thus limited output influencing maximum returns. Consequently, the assurance of profits due to entry barriers has boosted research and development ventures hence significant technological advancement translating into quality products at low prices and high output levels according to Galbraith-Schumpter (Ebrary, n.d.)Noteworthy, productive efficiency is unachievable in oligopolistic firms. Moreover, the close nature of oligopolistic firms to monopolistic firms makes it equally less efficient economically. Predominantly, under imperfect competition, theres no allocate efficiency due to the excessive marginal cost caused by price way above marginal revenue .Also, productive efficiency is unattainable under these conditions because of low output by firms. Market share and concentration is triggered by efficiency. Notably, Samsung s market concentration is 41.6% of the world wide Dynamic random access memory chart. Further, Samsung Smartphone Company has made efforts to differentiate its product from other smartphones through its feature interface. Source: IHIS isuppli Research, 2011 Notably, the concept of efficiency compares observed and optimal values of output and input of a production unit. Predominantly, perfectly competitive markets are considered more efficient than monopolistic competitive markets. In a monopolistic competitive structure, profit maximization happens when the value of marginal revenue is the same as marginal cost thus making output level lower than that of a perfectly competitive market. Further, firms will undersupply in this market structure.Noteworthy,the inefficiency in monopolistic competitive firms can be attributed to high prices set above marginal cost thus making these firms productively inefficient. Further, monopolistic competitive market is allocatively inefficient due to excess price of goods attributed to the excessive marginal cost. Efficiency could be technical,productive,dynamic,allocateve and economic.Notably,perfect competitive markets are likely to record high productive and allocative efficiency rates due to long term average cost curve as compared to monopoly and Oligopoly. Monopolies do set their prices at P which is greater than the marginal cost thus making it allocatively inefficient. Notably, allocative efficiency happens when MC cuts the demand curve making price equal to MC. Conclusively, Samsung is an oligopoly due to the existence of other firms such as Nokia, Apple among others (Loong, 2013) Further, there is product differentiation between the smartphone features produced by the different manufacturers. Moreover, there are entry barriers into the smartphone industry characterized by patents and economies of scale. Further, theres a strategic behavioral pattern and interdependence among the smartphone companies like Apple and Samsung. However, Samsung can be considered a monopolistic competitive firm due to the substantial number of other smartphone suppliers. However, Samsung could be considered a monopolistic due to its 57% market share (Loong, 2013) Notably, Samsung and Apple active competition has made them price makers rather than takers thus recording monopolistic profits.Primarily,Samsung has a larger market share as compared to other providers like Apple,HTC and Blackberry(Loong,2013)Notably, monopolistic competitive firms relative efficiency is based on market forces because they are the price setters of their products.Further,productive efficiency in a monopolistic competitive market depends on resource utilization. In addition, allocative efficiency depends on the equality of the firms marginal cost and revenue. In addition, efficiency depends on market share and concentration of the firm in question (Gambau and Maudos 2000) References Boundless. Monopolistic competitive markets are never efficient in any economic sense of the term. Boundless. [Online]Available at https://www.boundless.com/economics/textbooks/boundless-economics-textbook/monopolistic-competition-12/monopolistic-competition-75/efficiency-of-monopolistic-competition-286-12383/[Accessed 4 May 2017] Ebrary. (n.d)Principles of Economic Theory: Economic efficiency Oligopoly.Ebrary.net. [Online]Available at https://ebrary.net/6684/economic_theory/economic_efficiency_oligopoly[Accessed 4 May 2017] Gumbau, M and Maudos, J. (2000) Profitability, Market structure and Efficiency: An application to the Spanish Industry.UV.ES. [Online]Available at https://www.uv.es/maudosj/publicaciones/ec00-05%20.pdf[Accessed 4 May 2017] Loong, E. (2013) An economic Analysis on Samsung. Microeconomics [Online] Available athttps://econsbyesther.blogspot.co.ke/2013/10/samsung-at-its-peak-in-smartphone.html[Accessed 4 May 2017]